| Bahan Kajian | - Pendahuluan: Asal usul tanah, lempung, spesifikasi. gravitasi
- Fisika tanah:
Fase tanah; konstituen; hubungan massa dan volume
Pemisahan tanah dan kelas tekstur, Hukum Stockes
Mineralogi partikel dan pengaruhnya terhadap sifat fisik (misalnya kuarsa, kaolinit, montmorillonit); asal usul dan besarnya muatan permanen dan bergantung pada pH
Kekuatan antar partikel; flokulasi dan dispersi
Konsistensi tanah; batas plastis dan cair; kekuatan tanah, genangan air
Struktur tanah: pembentukan, stabilisasi, klasifikasi dan signifikansi
Air tanah: status energi, retensi dan aliran. Komponen potensial; potensi matrik dan tegangan air tanah; karakteristik retensi air dan nilai masuknya udara; gradien potensial air;
Hukum Darcy dan konduktivitas hidrolik; "Kapasitas lapangan"; konsep dan batasan “titik layu permanen”, dan “kapasitas penyimpanan air tersedia”.
Perilaku termal tanah: Hukum Fourier; konduktivitas termal tanah dan kapasitas panas
Difusi dalam media berpori: Hukum Fick; koefisien difusi
Aerasi tanah: pertukaran konvektif dan difusif; komposisi udara tanah
Transportasi zat terlarut dalam tanah: aliran massa dan difusi; transportasi ke akar; pencucian; migrasi ion dalam medan listrik, lapisan ganda difus
- Kimia tanah:
Reaksi reversibel; aksi massal; konstanta kesetimbangan, ionisasi, konstanta disosiasi: tinjauan singkat
pH dan keasaman tanah; penyangga dan penyangga pH tanah
Adsorpsi dan pertukaran ion; kapasitas pertukaran ion; koloid tanah liat kristal & amorf
Kation “basa”; aluminium yang dapat ditukar; perilaku dan signifikansi hidroksialuminum
- Bahan organik tanah:
Pendahuluan: definisi beberapa istilah
Beberapa sifat fisik lapisan organik
Komponen bahan organik tanah; zat humat dan gugus fungsi utamanya; kelat dan siderofor
Beberapa sifat kimia bahan organik tanah; KTK; Konsentrasi C dan N, rasio nutrisi; pentingnya rasio C/N
Cakrawala organik di dalam tanah
Bentuk humus hutan: morfologi, perkembangan, klasifikasi, dan signifikansi
- Biologi dan biokimia tanah:
Kelompok utama organisme tanah dan perannya
Fisiologi mikroba dalam lingkungan tanah: lingkungan fisiko-kimia, nutrisi, energi dan metabolisme, pertumbuhan dan reproduksi
Transformasi biokimia N, S, dan P dalam tanah
Interaksi mikroba tanah dengan akar tanaman: rizosfer; Simbiosis bintil akar pengikat N; mikoriza
- Pelapukan dan pembentukan tanah; Klasifikasi dan survei tanah:
Karakteristik bahan induk
Pengaruh “faktor pembentukan tanah”; pelapukan fisik dan kimia, proses pembentukan tanah
Konsep klasifikasi; klasifikasi teknis dan alam; Sistem Tanah Kanada
Hierarki klasifikasi; cakrawala dan simbol cakrawala; ordo tanah dan kelompok besar; penunjukan subkelompok; keluarga tanah dan seri tanah
Survei dan pemetaan tanah: skala, metode dan intensitas pengambilan sampel; unit peta; peta tanah vs. peta interpretasi; klasifikasi dan pemetaan kemampuan tanah
- Ilmu tanah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan dan pemecahan masalah:
Erosi tanah: gambaran umum proses, pencegahan dan pengendalian
Pengelolaan tanah dan limbah: siklus nutrisi
Konflik tanah dan penggunaan lahan pada campur tangan perkotaan-pedesaan
Pengelolaan tanah dan hutan
| - Introduction: Origin of soils, clays, spec. gravity
- Soil physics:
Soil phases; constituents; mass and volume relationships
Soil separates and texture classes, Stockes’ Law
Particle mineralogy and its effects on physical properties (e.g. quartz, kaolinite, montmorillonite); origin and magnitude of permanent and pH-dependent charge
Inter-particle forces; flocculation and dispersion
Soil consistency; plastic and liquid limits; soil strength, puddling
Soil structure: formation, stabilization, classification and significance
Soil water: energy status, retention and flow. Potential components; matric potential and soil water tension; water retention characteristics and air entry value; water potential gradient;
Darcy’s Law and hydraulic conductivity; “field capacity”; “permanent wilting point’, and “available water storage capacity” concepts and limitations
Soil thermal behavior: Fourier’s Law; soil thermal conductivity and heat capacity
Diffusion in porous media: Fick’s Law; diffusion coefficient
Soil aeration: convective and diffusive exchange; composition of soil air
Solute transport in soil: mass flow and diffusion; transport to roots; leaching; migration of ions in an electric field, diffuse double layer
- Soil chemistry:
Reversible reactions; mass action; equilibrium constant, ionization, dissociation constant: a brief review
Soil pH and acidity; soil pH buffers and buffering
Ion adsorption and exchange; ion exchange capacities; crystalline & amorphous clay colloids
“Base” cations; exchangeable aluminum; hydroxyaluminum behavior and significance
- Soil organic matter:
Introduction: definition of some terms
Some physical properties of organic layers
Components of soil organic matter; humic substances and their principal functional groups; chelates and siderophores
Some chemical properties of soil organic matter; CEC; C and N conc., nutrient ratios; significance of C/N ratio
Organic horizons in soils
Forest humus forms: morphology, development, classification, and significance
- Soil biology and biochemistry:
Major groups of soil organisms and their roles
Microbial physiology in the soil environment: physico-chemical environment, nutrition, energy and metabolism, growth and reproduction
Biochemical transformations of N, S, and P in soils
Interactions of soil microbes with plant roots: rizosphere; N-fixing root nodule symbioses; mycorrhizae
- Weathering and soil formation; Soil classification and survey:
Parent material characteristics
Influence of the “factors of soil formation”; physical and chemical weathering, soil-forming processes
Classification concepts; technical and natural classifications; Canadian System of Soil
Classification hierarchy; horizons and horizon symbols; soil orders and great groups; subgroup designation; soil families and soil series
Soil survey and mapping: scales, methods and sampling intensities; map units; soil maps vs. interpretative maps; soil capability classification and mapping
- Soil science in environmental management and problem-solving:
Soil erosion: overview of processes, prevention and control
Soils and waste management: nutrient cycling
Soils and land use conflicts at the urban-rural interference
Soils and forest management
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